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\newcommand{\StarnoteFS}{\Figtext{\footnotesize Specifications estimated using OLS including district of birth and year of birth fixed effects and control for gender. Exposure to reform is an indicator for being born after reform in a treated district. Standard errors clustered at the district of birth-level in parentheses. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01.}}

\newcommand{\StarnoteFStiny}{\Figtext{\scriptsize Specifications estimated using OLS including district of birth and year of birth fixed effects and control for gender. Exposure to reform is an indicator for being born after reform in a treated district. Standard errors clustered at the district of birth-level in parentheses. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01.}}

\newcommand{\StarnoteFSPlacebo}{\Figtext{\footnotesize Specifications estimated using OLS including district of birth and year of birth fixed effects. Exposure to reform is an indicator for being born after reform in a treated district. Standard errors clustered at the district of birth-level in parentheses. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01.}}

\newcommand{\StarnoteIV}{\Figtext{\footnotesize $\beta^{OLS}$ estimated using Equation (1); $\beta^{IV}$ estimated using Equation (3). All specifications include district of birth and year of birth fixed effects and control for gender. Standard errors clustered at the district of birth-level in parentheses; bootstrapped $p$-values in square brackets.  * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01.}}

\newcommand{\StarnoteCompliers}{\Figtext{\footnotesize Table computes covariate means for baseline NPS sample (column 1) and compliers (column 2). Column (3) is column (2) divided by column (1).}}


\begin{document}

\tableofcontents

\clearpage

\section{Including control coefficients}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effect of reform on registration (Table 1)}
\estmain{"Tables/With controls/Table 1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.} \StarnoteFS
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on access to the state (Table 2)}
\estmain{"Tables/With controls/Table 2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) has any primary education; (2) has any secondary education; (3) has any university education; (4) in a household accessing National Health Insurance Fund; (5) in a household accessing private pension; (6) in a household accessing state pension. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on exposure to taxation (Table 3)}
\estmain{"Tables/With controls/Table 3.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) in a household which has paid any tax in the last year; (2) in a household which paid fees in the last year; (3) in a household which paid council rates in the last year; (4) in a household which paid taxes to the central government in the last year. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.} 
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\afterpage{ 
\clearpage
\begin{landscape}
\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Heterogeneity in compliance with reforms (Table 4)}
\estmain{"Tables/With controls/Table 4.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Panel I examines heterogeneity using local measures of taxation; Panel II using local measures of public goods. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts. District-level measures of tax levels from Jensen and Mkama (1968); tax incidence from Lee (1965); local public goods from administrative data. Regressions control for interaction of \textit{Reform} with standardized district income per capita and population density. All specifications estimated using OLS including district of birth and year of birth fixed effects and control for gender. SEs clustered at the district of birth-level in parentheses. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. }
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}
\end{landscape}
\clearpage
}

\clearpage

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{First stage (robustness) (Table A4)}\scriptsize
\estmain{"Tables/With controls/Table A4.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\scriptsize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Panel A: sample restricted to cohorts born within 5 year of reform, or no restriction. Panel B: excluding individuals born in reform year, or those who report their age rounded to five years. Panel C: interacting vector of district-level controls with post-reform year indicator, or linearly adding additional individual-level controls. Panel D: redefining the set of control districts to comprise other districts classified as urban in 1967 census (Table A5), or all other districts in the country. Panel E: using district of birth fixed effects based on 1967 districts, or 1967 district$\times$treatment group fixed effects (given treated localities were nested within otherwise untreated districts); Panel F: replicating the baseline first stage using the NPS sample while varying included cohorts.}
\StarnoteFStiny
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{First stage (Alternative estimation) (Table A6)} \footnotesize
\estmain{"Tables/With controls/Table A6.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize Outcome variable is whether respondent has a birth certificate. Data source is 2012 national census. Panel A: estimated using a local linear regression in the set of treated districts. Coefficient represents the change in registration probability among cohorts just after, versus just before, the reform. Panel B: Equation (1) estimated using household-level fixed effects.}
\Figtext{\footnotesize * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. Standard errors clustered at the district of birth-level in parentheses.}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on literacy (Table A8)}
\estmain{"Tables/With controls/Table A8.tex"}{12}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) individual is literate in any language; (2) individual is literate in Kiswahili; (3) individual is literate in English.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on access to social security (Table A9)}
\estmain{"Tables/With controls/Table A9.tex"}{12}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) individual in a household with access to any social security fund; (2) individual in a household with access to National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF); (3) individual in a household with access to National Social Security Fund (NSSF); (4) individual in a household with access to Parastatal Pension Fund (PPF); (5) individual in a household with access to Public Service Pension Fund (PSPF); (6) individual in a household with access to Government Employees Provident Fund (GEPF); (7) individual in a household with access to Local Authorities Pension Fund (LAPF); (8) individual in a household with access to any other social security fund.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on exposure to taxation (all cohorts) (Table A10)}
\estmain{"Tables/With controls/Table A10.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) individual in a household which has paid any tax in the last year; (2) individual in a household which has paid any fees to the government in the last year; (3) individual in a household which has paid local taxes in the last year; (4) individual in a household which has paid taxes to the central government in the last year. Sample restricted to all adults born in either treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}


\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Comparison of registration reform effects (Table A11)}
\estmain{"Tables/With controls/Table A11.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize Table estimates the effects of the '66 reform, '80s reforms, and '09 reform on registration as discussed in Appendix A.2. Column (1) estimates using the complete census sample and tests for differences between the effects of later reforms compared to '66. Columns (2) to (4) separately estimate effects of each reform, restricting each sample to cohorts born close to reform year. All specifications are estimated using OLS and include district of birth and year of birth fixed effects. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. Standard errors clustered at the district of birth-level in parentheses.}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\clearpage

\section*{Supplementary analyses}

\setcounter{table}{0}
\renewcommand{\thesection}{A}
\renewcommand{\thetable}{\thesubsection .\arabic{table}}

\section{Varying included cohorts}

\subsection{+/- 5 cohorts}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effect of reform on registration (+/- 5 cohorts)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 1_A1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.} \StarnoteFS
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on access to the state (+/- 5 cohorts)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 2_A1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) has any primary education; (2) has any secondary education; (3) has any university education; (4) in a household accessing National Health Insurance Fund; (5) in a household accessing private pension; (6) in a household accessing state pension. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on exposure to taxation (+/- 5 cohorts)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 3_A1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) in a household which has paid any tax in the last year; (2) in a household which paid fees in the last year; (3) in a household which paid local taxes in the last year; (4) in a household which paid taxes to the central government in the last year. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\afterpage{ 
\clearpage
\begin{landscape}
\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Heterogeneity in compliance with reforms (+/- 5 cohorts)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 4_A1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Panel I examines heterogeneity using local measures of taxation; Panel II using local measures of public goods. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts. District-level measures of tax levels from Jensen and Mkama (1968); tax incidence from Lee (1965); local public goods from administrative data. Regressions control for interaction of \textit{Reform} with standardized district income per capita and population density. All specifications estimated using OLS including district of birth and year of birth fixed effects and control for gender. SEs clustered at the district of birth-level in parentheses. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. }
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}
\end{landscape}
\clearpage
}

\clearpage

\input{"Tables/Additional results/Table 5_A1.tex"}

\clearpage

\subsection{All cohorts}
\setcounter{table}{0}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effect of reform on registration (All cohorts)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 1_A2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.} \StarnoteFS
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on access to the state (All cohorts)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 2_A2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) has any primary education; (2) has any secondary education; (3) has any university education; (4) in a household accessing National Health Insurance Fund; (5) in a household accessing private pension; (6) in a household accessing state pension. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on exposure to taxation (All cohorts)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 3_A2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) in a household which has paid any tax in the last year; (2) in a household which paid fees in the last year; (3) in a household which paid local taxes in the last year; (4) in a household which paid taxes to the central government in the last year. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\afterpage{ 
\clearpage
\begin{landscape}
\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Heterogeneity in compliance with reforms (All cohorts)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 4_A2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Panel I examines heterogeneity using local measures of taxation; Panel II using local measures of public goods. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts. District-level measures of tax levels from Jensen and Mkama (1968); tax incidence from Lee (1965); local public goods from administrative data. Regressions control for interaction of \textit{Reform} with standardized district income per capita and population density. All specifications estimated using OLS including district of birth and year of birth fixed effects and control for gender. SEs clustered at the district of birth-level in parentheses. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. }
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}
\end{landscape}
\clearpage
}

\clearpage

\input{"Tables/Additional results/Table 5_A2.tex"}

\clearpage

\setcounter{table}{0}
\renewcommand{\thesection}{B}

\section{Excluding birth years}

\subsection{-Reform year}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effect of reform on registration (-Reform year)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 1_B1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.} \StarnoteFS
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on access to the state (-Reform year)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 2_B1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) has any primary education; (2) has any secondary education; (3) has any university education; (4) in a household accessing National Health Insurance Fund; (5) in a household accessing private pension; (6) in a household accessing state pension. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}


\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on exposure to taxation (-Reform year)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 3_B1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) in a household which has paid any tax in the last year; (2) in a household which paid fees in the last year; (3) in a household which paid local taxes in the last year; (4) in a household which paid taxes to the central government in the last year. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\afterpage{ 
\clearpage
\begin{landscape}
\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Heterogeneity in compliance with reforms (-Reform year)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 4_B1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Panel I examines heterogeneity using local measures of taxation; Panel II using local measures of public goods. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts. District-level measures of tax levels from Jensen and Mkama (1968); tax incidence from Lee (1965); local public goods from administrative data. Regressions control for interaction of \textit{Reform} with standardized district income per capita and population density. All specifications estimated using OLS including district of birth and year of birth fixed effects and control for gender. SEs clustered at the district of birth-level in parentheses. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. }
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}
\end{landscape}
\clearpage
}

\clearpage

\input{"Tables/Additional results/Table 5_B1.tex"}

\clearpage 

\subsection{-Heaped ages}
\setcounter{table}{0}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effect of reform on registration (-Heaped ages)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 1_B2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.} \StarnoteFS
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on access to the state (-Heaped ages)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 2_B2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) has any primary education; (2) has any secondary education; (3) has any university education; (4) in a household accessing National Health Insurance Fund; (5) in a household accessing private pension; (6) in a household accessing state pension. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on exposure to taxation (-Heaped ages)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 3_B2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) in a household which has paid any tax in the last year; (2) in a household which paid fees in the last year; (3) in a household which paid local taxes in the last year; (4) in a household which paid taxes to the central government in the last year. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\afterpage{ 
\clearpage
\begin{landscape}
\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Heterogeneity in compliance with reforms (-Heaped ages)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 4_B2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Panel I examines heterogeneity using local measures of taxation; Panel II using local measures of public goods. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts. District-level measures of tax levels from Jensen and Mkama (1968); tax incidence from Lee (1965); local public goods from administrative data. Regressions control for interaction of \textit{Reform} with standardized district income per capita and population density. All specifications estimated using OLS including district of birth and year of birth fixed effects and control for gender. SEs clustered at the district of birth-level in parentheses. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. }
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}
\end{landscape}
\clearpage
}

\clearpage

\input{"Tables/Additional results/Table 5_B2.tex"}

\clearpage

\setcounter{table}{0}
\renewcommand{\thesection}{C}

\section{Modifying control variables}

\subsection{District-level}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effect of reform on registration (District-level)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 1_C1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.} \StarnoteFS
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on access to the state (District-level)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 2_C1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) has any primary education; (2) has any secondary education; (3) has any university education; (4) in a household accessing National Health Insurance Fund; (5) in a household accessing private pension; (6) in a household accessing state pension. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on exposure to taxation (District-level)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 3_C1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) in a household which has paid any tax in the last year; (2) in a household which paid fees in the last year; (3) in a household which paid local taxes in the last year; (4) in a household which paid taxes to the central government in the last year. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\afterpage{ 
\clearpage
\begin{landscape}
\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Heterogeneity in compliance with reforms (District-level)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 4_C1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Panel I examines heterogeneity using local measures of taxation; Panel II using local measures of public goods. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts. District-level measures of tax levels from Jensen and Mkama (1968); tax incidence from Lee (1965); local public goods from administrative data. Regressions control for interaction of \textit{Reform} with standardized district income per capita and population density. All specifications estimated using OLS including district of birth and year of birth fixed effects and control for gender. SEs clustered at the district of birth-level in parentheses. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. }
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}
\end{landscape}
\clearpage
}

\clearpage

\input{"Tables/Additional results/Table 5_C1.tex"}

\clearpage

\subsection{Individual-level}
\setcounter{table}{0}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effect of reform on registration (Individual-level)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 1_C2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.} \StarnoteFS
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on access to the state (Individual-level)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 2_C2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) has any primary education; (2) has any secondary education; (3) has any university education; (4) in a household accessing National Health Insurance Fund; (5) in a household accessing private pension; (6) in a household accessing state pension. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on exposure to taxation (Individual-level)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 3_C2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) in a household which has paid any tax in the last year; (2) in a household which paid fees in the last year; (3) in a household which paid local taxes in the last year; (4) in a household which paid taxes to the central government in the last year. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\afterpage{ 
\clearpage
\begin{landscape}
\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Heterogeneity in compliance with reforms (Individual-level)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 4_C2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Panel I examines heterogeneity using local measures of taxation; Panel II using local measures of public goods. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts. District-level measures of tax levels from Jensen and Mkama (1968); tax incidence from Lee (1965); local public goods from administrative data. Regressions control for interaction of \textit{Reform} with standardized district income per capita and population density. All specifications estimated using OLS including district of birth and year of birth fixed effects and control for gender. SEs clustered at the district of birth-level in parentheses. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. }
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}
\end{landscape}
\clearpage
}

\clearpage

\input{"Tables/Additional results/Table 5_C2.tex"}

\clearpage

\setcounter{table}{0}
\renewcommand{\thesection}{D}

\section{Changing control districts}

\subsection{Urban areas in 1967}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effect of reform on registration (Urban areas in 1967)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 1_D1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.} \StarnoteFS
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on access to the state (Urban areas in 1967)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 2_D1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) has any primary education; (2) has any secondary education; (3) has any university education; (4) in a household accessing National Health Insurance Fund; (5) in a household accessing private pension; (6) in a household accessing state pension. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on exposure to taxation (Urban areas in 1967)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 3_D1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) in a household which has paid any tax in the last year; (2) in a household which paid fees in the last year; (3) in a household which paid local taxes in the last year; (4) in a household which paid taxes to the central government in the last year. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\afterpage{ 
\clearpage
\begin{landscape}
\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Heterogeneity in compliance with reforms (Urban areas in 1967)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 4_D1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Panel I examines heterogeneity using local measures of taxation; Panel II using local measures of public goods. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts. District-level measures of tax levels from Jensen and Mkama (1968); tax incidence from Lee (1965); local public goods from administrative data. Regressions control for interaction of \textit{Reform} with standardized district income per capita and population density. All specifications estimated using OLS including district of birth and year of birth fixed effects and control for gender. SEs clustered at the district of birth-level in parentheses. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. }
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}
\end{landscape}
\clearpage
}

\clearpage

\input{"Tables/Additional results/Table 5_D1.tex"}

\clearpage

\subsection{Unrestricted set of control districts}
\setcounter{table}{0}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effect of reform on registration (Unrestricted)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 1_D2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.} \StarnoteFS
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on access to the state (Unrestricted)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 2_D2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) has any primary education; (2) has any secondary education; (3) has any university education; (4) in a household accessing National Health Insurance Fund; (5) in a household accessing private pension; (6) in a household accessing state pension. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on exposure to taxation (Unrestricted)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 3_D2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) in a household which has paid any tax in the last year; (2) in a household which paid fees in the last year; (3) in a household which paid local taxes in the last year; (4) in a household which paid taxes to the central government in the last year. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\afterpage{ 
\clearpage
\begin{landscape}
\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Heterogeneity in compliance with reforms (Unrestricted)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 4_D2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Panel I examines heterogeneity using local measures of taxation; Panel II using local measures of public goods. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts. District-level measures of tax levels from Jensen and Mkama (1968); tax incidence from Lee (1965); local public goods from administrative data. Regressions control for interaction of \textit{Reform} with standardized district income per capita and population density. All specifications estimated using OLS including district of birth and year of birth fixed effects and control for gender. SEs clustered at the district of birth-level in parentheses. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. }
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}
\end{landscape}
\clearpage
}

\clearpage

\input{"Tables/Additional results/Table 5_D2.tex"}

\clearpage


\setcounter{table}{0}
\renewcommand{\thesection}{E}

\section{Varying fixed effects and clustering}

\subsection{2012 district FEs}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effect of reform on registration (2012 district FEs)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 1_E1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.} \StarnoteFS
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on access to the state (2012 district FEs)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 2_E1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) has any primary education; (2) has any secondary education; (3) has any university education; (4) in a household accessing National Health Insurance Fund; (5) in a household accessing private pension; (6) in a household accessing state pension. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on exposure to taxation (2012 district FEs)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 3_E1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) in a household which has paid any tax in the last year; (2) in a household which paid fees in the last year; (3) in a household which paid local taxes in the last year; (4) in a household which paid taxes to the central government in the last year. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\afterpage{ 
\clearpage
\begin{landscape}
\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Heterogeneity in compliance with reforms (2012 district FEs)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 4_E1.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Panel I examines heterogeneity using local measures of taxation; Panel II using local measures of public goods. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts. District-level measures of tax levels from Jensen and Mkama (1968); tax incidence from Lee (1965); local public goods from administrative data. Regressions control for interaction of \textit{Reform} with standardized district income per capita and population density. All specifications estimated using OLS including district of birth and year of birth fixed effects and control for gender. SEs clustered at the district of birth-level in parentheses. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. }
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}
\end{landscape}
\clearpage
}

\clearpage

\input{"Tables/Additional results/Table 5_E1.tex"}

\clearpage

\subsection{District-cohort clustering}
\setcounter{table}{0}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effect of reform on registration (District-cohort clustering)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 1_E2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.} \StarnoteFS
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on access to the state (District-cohort clustering)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 2_E2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) has any primary education; (2) has any secondary education; (3) has any university education; (4) in a household accessing National Health Insurance Fund; (5) in a household accessing private pension; (6) in a household accessing state pension. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}


\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Effects on exposure to taxation (District-cohort clustering)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 3_E2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DVs are all indicators. (1) in a household which has paid any tax in the last year; (2) in a household which paid fees in the last year; (3) in a household which paid local taxes in the last year; (4) in a household which paid taxes to the central government in the last year. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts.}
\StarnoteIV
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

\afterpage{ 
\clearpage
\begin{landscape}
\begin{table}[!htbp]\centering \small
\begin{threeparttable}
\caption{Heterogeneity in compliance with reforms (District-cohort clustering)}
\estmain{"Tables/Additional results/Table 4_E2.tex"}{10}{c}
\Figtext{\footnotesize DV: respondent has a birth certificate. Panel I examines heterogeneity using local measures of taxation; Panel II using local measures of public goods. Sample restricted to cohorts born within ten years of reform in treated or control districts. District-level measures of tax levels from Jensen and Mkama (1968); tax incidence from Lee (1965); local public goods from administrative data. Regressions control for interaction of \textit{Reform} with standardized district income per capita and population density. All specifications estimated using OLS including district of birth and year of birth fixed effects and control for gender. SEs clustered at the district of birth-level in parentheses. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. }
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}
\end{landscape}
\clearpage
}

\clearpage

\input{"Tables/Additional results/Table 5_E2.tex"}


\end{document}